End U.S. Colonialism!
Condemn Assassination of Puerto Rican Independence Fighter
Puerto Rican Commission for Truth and Justice: The Death of Ojeda Rios Was a Political Assassination
Amnesty International Calls for Independent Inquiry into Shooting of Filiberto Ojedo Ríos The Right to Armed Struggle

For Your Information
U.S. Assassinates Puerto Rican Independence Figure
El Grito de Lares: The Birth of Puerto Rico’s Fight for Independence


End U.S. Colonialism! No to Impunity!

Condemn U.S. Assassination of Puerto Rican Independence Fighter

Rejecting the branding of Filberto Ojeda Rios as a terrorist by the U.S., students march carrying a sign reading "Puerto Ricans Are All Macheteros" during the funeral march in Filberto Ojeda Rios's honor. Ojeda Rios was the leader of the Macheteros.

Voice of Revolution vigorously condemns the U.S. assassination of Filiberto Ojeda Rios, beloved freedom fighter of Puerto Rico. Rios, 72, was a life-long defender of Puerto Rican independence. He was an organizer and leader of the Boricua Popular Army (known as the Macheteros), which fought against U.S. colonialism, using armed struggle and other means.

We firmly defend the right of the Puerto Rican people to fight for their independence and to use whatever means are necessary to do so. The U.S. has no right whatsoever toenslave the country as a colony and to use its military and police forces against the people of Puerto Rico. We express our full support to the just struggle of the Puerto Rican people to kick the U.S. out and determine their own affairs. As the thousands at the funeral for Ojeda Rios emphasized, "We are all machetros." It is the U.S. government which is the terrorist.

The U.S. carried out this assassination openly and brutally. The FBI, with helicopters, more than 100 agents and a squad of military snipers, raided the Rios home. They did so without informing the Puerto Rican government and with the clear aim of killing Rios. As his wife, Elma Beatriz Rosado Barbosa later described it, “On Friday, September 23, in the afternoon hours, our house was surrounded. Armed men penetrated our property and took our house by assault, hitting it in a brutal and terrible manner, firing with heavy weapons against the front wall of our residence.”

Mural honoring Filberto Ojeda Rios at his memorial

According to the autopsy report, Ojeda Rios was struck by one bullet. After he was wounded, the FBI kept his home surrounded, detained his wife and refused to allow any medical teams or local officials, including prosecutors, to enter the home. The FBI made certain Rios bled to death, a fact that was also confirmed by the autopsy.

This brutality and blatant assassination is an effort by the U.S. to intimidate the Puerto Rican people, much as the U.S. has used such assassinations in Colombia, Iraq, Palestine and elsewhere. They have also been met with the same result. Far from being silenced, tens of thousands of Puerto Ricans participated in the funeral for Ojeda Rios. The University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras shut down and called on all to attend the funeral. Numerous other demonstrations also took place across the island. The united stand was to denounce the U.S. for its crimes.

The U.S. also chose El Grito de Lares, a day marking the anti-colonial struggle of Puerto Rico for independence, as the day for their assassination. This is another means to try and humiliate Puerto Ricans, to deny the justness of their cause, a measure that has already failed.

The U.S. actions make clear that the impunity and state terrorism of the "war on terrorism" is policy for all who resist, whether in Iraq, Puerto Rico or the U.S. The broad resistance and defense of Ojedao Rios in Puerto Rico and worldwide make equally clear that the peoples will not be silenced and will now double their resistance.

We salute the struggle of the Puerto Rican people for independence and demand that the U.S. withdraw all its troops and police forces, and that all those responsible for this assassination be punished.

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Puerto Rican Commission for Truth and Justice: The Death of Ojeda Rios Was a Political Assassination

“With the greatest indignation and horror,” the Puerto Rican Truth and Justice Commission denounced on September 25 the FBI execution of revolutionary leader Filiberto Ojeda Ríos two days earlier as “without any doubt, a political assassination.”

“Throughout our history, the FBI has been a tool of political/police repression of the Puerto Rican independence movement,” the Commission affirms in a communiqué issued from San Juan.

“During the repression against the nationalist movement during the 1930s, 40s and 50s, the FBI was instrumental in keeping files on and persecuting the Puerto Rican nationalist movement. Later on, it was responsible for creating a Police Intelligence Division as an organization for the persecution and repression of the independence movement, thus freeing itself of the dirty work and the illegal activities,” the message states.

In recent years, the Truth and Justice Commission has tried to get to the bottom of some of the political assassinations committed in Puerto Rico during the 1970s. “The hand of the FBI was present in many of them, whether in conspiring and/or cover-up and/or turning a blind eye to events,” the Commission notes, citing the case of the murder of Santiago “Chagui” Mari Pesquera, son of independence movement leader Juan Mari Brás, and the bombings of January 11, 1975 in Mayagüez that took the lives of two Puerto Rican workers.

In its communiqué, the Commission emphasizes the murder of Carlos Muñiz Varela, the young, Cuban-born Puerto Rican who was cowardly murdered because of his work to develop relations between the two island countries. In that case, the FBI has created many obstacles to discovering the truth about who committed that crime.

“The case of Filiberto Ojeda reveals everything that we have been saying all of these years about the FBI and its role as repressor and persecutor of the Puerto Rican independence movement,” the communiqué affirms.

“With all of its power and experience in capturing fugitives in order to take them alive, in the case of Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, it acted as the executioner. Once more, it has hatched up a hidden agenda of beheading the revolutionary movement through physical elimination.”

This operation, in which Filiberto Ojeda Ríos was assassinated in full view of everyone, should “serve the Puerto Rican people for reflection on the need to demand that these murders do not go unpunished,” the statement concludes.

From Granma International, Tuesday, September 27, 2005

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Amnesty International Calls for Independent Inquiry into Shooting of Filiberto Ojedo Ríos

Amnesty International today called for an independent investigation into the fatal shooting of Puerto Rican activist Filiberto Ojeda Ríos by the FBI, citing troubling questions about the circumstances in which he died.

AI said that in the interests of public confidence, transparency and the integrity of all involved, an investigation into the shooting must be seen to be conducted with the utmost impartiality. It should review all the circumstances and make the findings public at the earliest opportunity.

Amnesty International noted that FBI Director Robert S. Muller has called on the Justice Department to investigate the shooting. The organization is seeking more information on whether this would meet the standards for a full, impartial and independent inquiry.

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, a prominent Puerto Rican independence activist wanted for offences in the USA, was shot last Friday after FBI agents had surrounded the farmhouse where he and his wife were hiding.

According to the FBI, he was killed during an exchange of gunfire in which an agent was wounded.

However, Ojeda Ríos’ body was not recovered until the FBI entered the house the following day, some 20 hours after the shoot-out. An autopsy reportedly found that Ojeda Ríos did not die in the shoot-out but bled to death sometime later.

The FBI denied any wrongdoing, stating that its agents were instructed to wait for backup before entering the house because of a fear that it might contain explosives. However, the circumstances have been further disputed by Ojeda Ríos’ wife (the only other witness to the incident) who has reportedly claimed that agents went inside the farmhouse and shot Ojeda Ríos during the initial confrontation.

If the FBI deliberately killed Filiberto Ojeda Ríos or deliberately left him to die, when they could have arrested him, this would be an “extra-judicial execution”, Amnesty International said, stressing that such a judgment could not be made without a full assessment of the facts.

Under international standards, law enforcement officers should only use firearms in response to an immediate threat of death or serious injury when non-violent measures have been exhausted or are ineffective. Warnings should be given if possible where firearms are used, and anyone injured by force or firearms should receive prompt medical attention.

Background

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, aged 72, was a well-known activist in the Puerto Rico independence movement, and a member of a nationalist group, the Macheteros (Cane Cutters). He had been on the run from the US authorities since 1990, when he escaped while waiting trial for the robbery of $7.2 million from a Wells Fargo depot in Connecticut, USA. He was convicted in absentia in 1992 on charges connected to the robbery and sentenced to 55 years in prison.

The FBI is reported to have increased a reward for information leading to Ojeda Ríos’ capture earlier this year.

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The Right to Armed Struggle

Filberto Ojeda Rios was a well-known fighter in the Puerto Rican struggle for independence. Voice of Revolution is reprinting the following material which explains that Ojeda Rios’ actions to free Puerto Rico from U.S. colonial rule through armed struggle are affirmed by international law.

* * *

“No other woman in the Hemisphere has been in prison on such charges for so long a period [as Lolita Lebrón]; a fact which Communist critics of your human rights policy are fond of pointing out.” — National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski (in a secret memo to President Jimmy Carter in 1979).

When early American revolutionaries chanted, “Give me liberty or give me death” and complained of having but one life to give for their country, they became the heroes of our history textbooks. But, thanks to the power of the U.S. media and education industries, the Puerto Rican nationalists who dedicated their lives to independence are known as criminals, fanatics, and assassins.

On March 1, 1954, in the gallery of the House of Representatives, Congressman Charles A. Halleck rose to discuss with his colleagues the issue of Puerto Rico. At that moment, Lolita Lebrón alongside three fellow freedom fighters, having purchased a one-way train ticket from New York (they expected to be killed) unfurled a Puerto Rican flag and shouted “Free Puerto Rico!” before firing eight shots at the roof. Her three male co-conspirators aimed their machine guns at the legislators. [Five congressmen were injured. Lebrón and her nationalist cohorts became prisoners of war for the next 25 years.]

Why prisoners of war? To answer that, we must recall that since July 25, 1898, when the United States illegally invaded its tropical neighbor under the auspices of the Spanish-American War, the island has been maintained as a colony... The [Puerto Rican independence movement] is based firmly on international law, which authorizes “anti-colonial combatants” the right to armed struggle to throw off the yoke of imperialism and gain independence. UN General Assembly Resolution 33/24 of December 1978 recognizes “the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for independence, territorial integrity, national unity and liberation from colonial domination and foreign occupation by all means available, particularly armed struggle.”

Excerpted from “50 American Revolutions You’re Not Supposed to Know: Reclaiming American Patriotism.”

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U.S. Assassinates Puerto Rican Independence Figure

The fatal September 23 shooting of Puerto Rican nationalist leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios represents an act of state terror and cold-blooded murder by the US government. It is one more proof that in the name of a “global war on terrorism,” Washington has arrogated to itself the right to conduct political assassinations and act as judge, jury and executioner against opponents of US policies and interests.

Aged 72, Ojeda Rios was the leader of the Boricua Popular Army, also known as the Macheteros, a group that advocated independence for Puerto Rico. He was wanted on charges that he had participated in the planning of a 1983 Wells Fargo armored car robbery in Hartford, Connecticut, in which $7.1 million was taken. A fugitive for 15 years since fleeing house arrest in 1990, he was sentenced in absentia to 55 years in jail.

Ojeda Rios was alone with his wife in their home in the rural southwestern Puerto Rican municipality of Hormigueros, near the city of Mayagüez, when scores of FBI agents stormed his property, unleashing a rain of bullets. According to reports, at least 100 armed agents were involved, backed by helicopters and a squad of military sharpshooters brought to the island from Virginia.

The nationalist leader was struck by a single bullet from a sharpshooter’s high-powered rifle. While he suffered no wound to any vital organ, he was left to bleed to death on the floor of his home as FBI agents refused to allow Puerto Rican authorities and emergency medical teams anywhere near the house, maintaining a militarized perimeter for 24 hours.

Later, an FBI spokesman claimed that the agents who had surrounded the house and shot Ojeda Rios feared that the house could be wired with explosives and were waiting for reinforcements to fly in from the US.

Testimony from his wife and a neighbor, as well as the results of an autopsy, exposed as lies the FBI’s version of events. US authorities had claimed that federal agents had come to arrest Ojeda Rios, opening fire only after he had fired on them.

In a press conference Monday, however, the nationalist leader’s wife, Elma Beatriz Rosado Barbosa, testified, “On Friday, September 23, in the afternoon hours, our house was surrounded. Armed men penetrated our property and took our house by assault, hitting it in a brutal and terrible manner, firing with heavy weapons against the front wall of our residence.”

Hector Reyes, whose house is approximately 300 feet from that of Ojeda Rios, confirmed this account, saying that the US assault team began firing on the house as soon as the helicopters arrived on the scene. “The first shots were very powerful, not from a little revolver like they say he had,” said Reyes.

The killing sparked spontaneous demonstrations throughout the island and statements of condemnation by leaders of virtually every political tendency, from pro-independence to the supporters of the island’s status as a US “commonwealth” and those advocating US statehood.

Even the territory’s Governor Anibal Acevedo Vila, whose Popular Democratic Party supports the island’s current colonial status, found himself compelled to declare his “deep indignation” and demand an explanation from the FBI for the killing of Ojeda. “As governor, I make an energetic demand to the federal authorities to end the silence that they have maintained in relation to these events,” he said.

Neither the governor nor the Puerto Rican police and local prosecutors were given any advance notice that the FBI was about to mount a military operation on the island. They first learned of the siege from news reports and received no official report from the FBI until nearly a full day later. An FBI spokesman claimed that the silence owed to the fact that the operation was “developing” and the agency feared endangering its agents.

The head of the Catholic Church in Puerto Rico, Monsignor Roberto Gonzalez Nieves, also condemned the killing, warning that it would “continue the cycle of violence.”

“They are operating as if they were in hostile territory, like Iraq or Afghanistan,” said Radio Isla political commentator Ignacio Rivera. “It has political consequences,” added Rivera, a supporter of statehood for Puerto Rico. “They achieved their military objective, but the political side was absurd.”

The half-hearted protests from the island’s establishment were a timid reflection of the popular outrage the killing has provoked throughout Puerto Rico.

There were demands on the island for the declaration of a day of national mourning for Ojeda. The University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, the island’s largest campus with 23,000 students, announced that students would be excused from classes and university employees given the day off to attend the nationalist leader’s funeral Tuesday.

In a press release, the university’s president, Gladys Escalona de Motta, stated, “I call on the university community, in an exercise of its free expression, to set a high example in these moments when the nation demands clarity.” She added, “Puerto Rico needs to take stock of its convictions to confront the feelings that have overcome the country.”

The FBI chose as the day to carry out the assassination the 137th anniversary of the “Grito de Lares,” the first revolt for Puerto Rican independence from Spain. The day is celebrated each year as a commemoration of the Puerto Rican national struggle against colonialism.

It appears likely that the day was chosen based on the belief that Ojeda Rios would more likely be alone, as his sympathizers and supporters would be marking the day with public meetings and demonstrations. The Puerto Rican nationalist leader recorded messages that were read out in Lares every year. Ironically, his last message was broadcast even as federal agents were moving in to kill him.

Many, however, saw the choice of the day as a political statement by Washington of impunity and contempt for the sentiments of the Puerto Rican people.

An autopsy performed at the San Juan Institute of Forensic Sciences confirmed the sadistic character of the FBI’s assassination of Ojeda Rios. It showed that he suffered a single bullet wound entering beneath his collarbone and exiting his back.

“He did not die instantaneously,” said Doctor Hector Pesquera, who participated in the autopsy. “What I saw as a doctor was that they let him bleed to death.... In my opinion, there was enough time, a considerable time in which he was wounded and he did not receive the aid that could have saved his life.”

Puerto Rico’s Justice Secretary, Roberto Sanchez Ramos, concurred with this assessment, stating, “The information we have is that if Mr. Ojeda had received immediate medical attention after being shot, he would have survived.”

Ojeda Rios had been the subject of a similar FBI raid involving helicopters and scores of agents in 1985, when he was arrested in connection with the Wells Fargo robbery. He was subsequently jailed and tried for attempted murder for shooting and wounding one of the FBI agents during the arrest. A federal jury in San Juan, however, found him not guilty, its members accepting his argument that he had acted in self-defense against the government’s aggression.

The FBI and other US authorities never forgave nor forgot this humiliation. Now they have taken advantage of changed political conditions in the US—characterized by the “global war on terrorism” and the USA Patriot Act—to murder him. Clearly, if the agency had wanted to arrest a 72-year-old man, accompanied only by his wife, they could have taken him alive.

The assassination of Ojeda is a case of Washington deploying a death squad on what it claims as its own territory. This brutal killing serves as a warning of the methods the US government is prepared to use to suppress political opposition within the US itself.

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El Grito de Lares

The Birth of Puerto Rico’s Fight for Independence

On September 23, 1868, in the city of Lares, Puerto Rico, an uprising took place against Spanish colonial domination. That uprising, known as “El Grito de Lares”—the outcry of Lares—opened up a struggle for Puerto Rico’s national liberation, first against Spanish and then against U.S. colonialism. That struggle continues to this day.

El Grito de Lares took place in a world context of bourgeois democratic revolutions against the remnants of feudalism in the dominant European powers. Feudal states like Spain, basing themselves on the wealth generated by large land holdings and colonial exploitation, were forcefully compelled to give way to the growing power of world capitalism.

The Haitian Revolution of 1802-04, coming in the wake of the French Revolution that began in 1789, marked the first Black republic in history. The victory of African slaves who rebelled and broke away from French colonial domination inspired millions around the world.

In 1810, Indigenous people in Mexico under the leadership of Miguel Hidalgo launched a drive to force the Spanish out of that country. Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1824.

Throughout the 1810s and 1820s, Simón Bolívar led an army of Indigenous people and former African slaves in an effort to win the independence of South American colonies from Spain. These successful campaigns shattered the prestige of the Spanish Army. Puerto Rico and Cuba were Spain’s only remaining colonies in Latin America.

In the 1848 revolutionary upheavals that took place in France, Germany and Italy, workers took to the streets against the feudal monarchies. Despite the monarchies’ desperate efforts to hold on to political power, the development of capitalism and the rising of the working classes meant the end of the centuries-long rule of feudal states.

In the United States, the Civil War of 1861-65 led to the overthrow of the slave-owning class in the South. It served as a death blow to the system of chattel slavery everywhere. Due to the vigorous efforts by the African American masses, especially when they fought in organized, armed detachments of the Union Army, the final destruction of the slave system was certain.

In all these struggles, the political demands of freedom and independence were meant to benefit the growing capitalist class, although it was the most oppressed social layers in society that fought the battles to destroy feudalism and chattel slavery.

The Puerto Rican nation

Under Spanish colonialism, the people of Puerto Rico—like the people in the rest of the Caribbean and Latin America—evolved to have the characteristics of self-identity typical of nationhood. The development of nations in the Americas inspired many to seek their freedom. Colonialism defined the class relationships that the newly formed nations would have to Spanish imperial power.

By 1867, there were close to 650,000 people in Puerto Rico. Slightly over half were of white Spanish background; the others were Black slaves, mulattos and mixed-race mestizos. The economy was largely centered on sugar production and the sugar trade, although there was a native capitalist class that gave rise to the Puerto Rican working class.

Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico was harsh and allowed for little political participation by the local elites. All policies relating to politics and economy were dictated by the Spanish monarchy. Taxes were heavy. Any expressions for more autonomy—not to mention independence—were brutally put down.

El Grito de Lares took place in the context of increasing resistance to foreign oppression and the socioeconomic developments in the Western Hemisphere.

The Revolutionary Committees

A central figure in the Grito de Lares uprising was Ramón Emeterio Betances. The son of an African mother and a white father, he was reared in a relatively wealthy and privileged family. However, Betances began to question the causes for the inequalities that existed under a slave-owning colonial system. He was active in the movement to abolish slavery and in the anti-colonial movement. Today, Betances is considered the “father of the Puerto Rican homeland.”

Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis founded the Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico on Jan. 6, 1868, while they were in exile in the Dominican Republic. Soon, revolutionary committees were formed throughout Puerto Rico to organize for an eventual revolt among all sectors of the population. Under the most secretive measures, organizers reached out to Africans who were toiling as slaves. The punishment for slaves caught in seditious activity was harsh.

Many of the Puerto Rican combatants galvanized by the revolutionary committees were former African slaves who had escaped and were living in hiding. Other freedom fighters were descendants of the Tainos, the original Indigenous people on the island who were living in the mountains and working as day laborers in the towns. The patriotic leadership also included members of the native capitalist class (whites) who were motivated by the idea of freedom to develop economically without the restrictions of a foreign feudal power.

Betances bought rifles, cannons and other weapons in the Dominican Republic. But the Spanish colonial authorities discovered the plans. On his return from the neighboring island nation as his ship entered the harbor of Arecibo, the Spanish Navy surrounded the rebel ship, capturing the cargo and arresting the crew.

News of the ship’s capture reached the revolutionaries in the mountains who were preparing for the rebellion. With Betances in Spanish custody, the leading organizers of the movement decided to call for the rebellion ahead of schedule.

The uprising begins

On the morning of Sept. 23, 1868, hundreds of insurgents on foot and horseback stormed the city of Lares. The army of freedom fighters entered the city, and as the sounds of shouts and gunfire were heard, the day laborers stopped working while African slaves staged an uprising that weakened the defense of the Spanish military garrison.

The principal demands of the revolutionaries were the independence of Puerto Rico and the abolition of chattel slavery. They called for the right to bear arms, the right to determine taxes and freedom of speech and of the press.

After an hour of gun battle, the Spanish military authority was overwhelmed. Government and military officials were forced by the fury of the people to lay down their weapons and surrender. The rebels declared the Republic of Puerto Rico.

The Spanish prisoners were then paraded and displayed for all to view as trophies of war. Certain colonial officials who were guilty of hideous crimes against the people were hung from trees. What was unimaginable at one time—defeating by force an oppressor that presented itself as invincible—was now a reality.

The people rejoiced at the power they now had over their oppressors while celebrating their new freedom. With jubilant emotions the revolutionaries held their weapons in the air as crowds gathered at the town plaza in the center of the city. The Spanish flag, a hated symbol of tyranny, was lowered, stepped on and burned. In its place, the flag of the newly proclaimed Puerto Rican republic was raised on the pole of the municipal building.

It was on this occasion that the people heard for the first time the solemn words of the Puerto Rican struggle for national liberation: “¡Que viva Puerto Rico libre!”—long live a free Puerto Rico!

The revolutionaries’ plans were to secure the fortifications at Lares, then attack and capture the surrounding cities where other groups of revolutionary combatants awaited instructions. Lares was chosen for the initial attack by the patriots because of what was believed to be a strategically advantageous location. Many envisioned the rebellion spreading from the center of the island where Lares is located.

But because the Spaniards were better equipped and more experienced in the techniques of war, the victory at Lares was short-lived. What followed was the suppression of the independence and abolitionist movement throughout Puerto Rico. Many were imprisoned, tortured and murdered. Madrid issued new decrees and sent troop reinforcements to secure its domination over the Puerto Rican people.

But the uprising did lead to some concessions. For example, amid continued turmoil over the question of slavery—something which politically troubled Madrid did not want—the Spanish National Assembly abolished the hated system on March 22, 1873.

The Spanish government granted a limited form of home rule to Puerto Rico in 1897. But one year later, in the course of the Spanish-American war, U.S. troops invaded the island. Puerto Rico remains a U.S. colony to this day.

Before his death on September 16, 1898—a few months after the U.S. invasion—Betances stated, “I do not want to see Puerto Rico under the colonial domination of Spain nor the United States.”

A symbol of struggle

El Grito de Lares is today a celebrated and respected holiday in the U.S.-colonized Caribbean island. Even the U.S.-installed colonial government recognizes El Grito de Lares as an official holiday, closing schools and government offices—while trying to strip the holiday of its revolutionary legacy.

Although the martyrs of Lares did not achieve their quest, they provided the movement today with a sense of the necessity to build a peoples’ movement that can defeat U.S. colonialism. Their fierce struggle against slavery is a continuing model for anti-racist struggle.

Betances and his fellow revolutionaries also provided a living example of the internationalism of oppressed peoples against colonialism. The “Society for the Independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico,” founded in the 1860s by exiled revolutionaries living in New York City, and the close connection and coordination with Lares combatants in the “Grito de Yara” uprising against Spanish rule in Cuba (three weeks after the Grito de Lares) are such examples.

To many in today’s movement for Puerto Rican independence, the experience of Lares underscored that the national salvation and liberation of the people can be achieved only with complete political independence and absolute freedom from foreign interference.

Today, Puerto Rico has a developed and increasingly working class population. But it is still under the complete military and political domination of U.S. imperialism. The continued struggle for an independent state—the only way to guarantee the right to self-determination to a people who have endured five centuries of colonial oppression—today is part and parcel of the struggle against capitalist exploitation.

¡Que viva Puerto Rico libre!

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